How does maternal immune response to infections influence autism risk?

PostedNovember 30, 2025

UpdatedNovember 30, 2025

ByMy Patient Advice

Author: Hannah Smith, MSc | Reviewed by: Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Growing evidence points toward a strong link between maternal immune response and autism, particularly when the mother’s immune system is triggered by an infection during pregnancy. When a mother’s body mounts an immune activation, whether from infection, stress, or other triggers, it can influence foetal brain development in ways that may increase the likelihood of autism spectrum traits. Investigating the interplay of maternal immune response and autism is vital for guiding prenatal care strategies.

The body’s immune reaction during pregnancy can release signalling molecules such as cytokines, which may cross the placenta and impact how the brain is wired. This misplaced or exaggerated maternal immune response and autism link is especially concerning when it occurs during crucial windows of neurodevelopment, potentially setting the stage for lasting developmental differences.

How Maternal Immune Response and Autism Might Influence Neurodevelopment

Here are some key mechanisms through which maternal immune response and autism may affect foetal brain growth:

Infection during pregnancy and immune signalling

When a pregnant mother experiences an infection during pregnancy, her immune system responds with inflammatory signals via immune activation. These signals can cross into the developing brain, potentially altering neural pathways tied to learning, social interaction, and sensory processing.

Timing of immune activation matters

The middle to late first trimester is especially vulnerable. If maternal immune response and autism pathways are activated during this time, it may lead to more profound neurodevelopmental changes.

Lasting effects of immune disturbances

Studies indicate that children born to mothers who experienced significant immune activation during pregnancy may face a higher chance of developmental delays, including autism spectrum conditions.

Visit providers like Autism Detect for personal consultations to understand how maternal immune response and autism may influence your child’s development and explore ways to support maternal immunity during pregnancy.

For a deeper dive into the science, diagnosis, and full treatment landscape, read our complete guide to Maternal Health and Infections.

Hannah Smith, MSc

Author

Hannah Smith is a clinical psychologist with a Master’s in Clinical Psychology and over three years of experience in behaviour therapy, special education, and inclusive practices. She specialises in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), and inclusive education strategies. Hannah has worked extensively with children and adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), ADHD, Down syndrome, and intellectual disabilities, delivering evidence-based interventions to support development, mental health, and well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the author's privacy.

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Reviewer

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez is a UK-trained physician with an MBBS and experience in general surgery, cardiology, internal medicine, gynecology, intensive care, and emergency medicine. She has managed critically ill patients, stabilised acute trauma cases, and provided comprehensive inpatient and outpatient care. In psychiatry, Dr. Fernandez has worked with psychotic, mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, applying evidence-based approaches such as CBT, ACT, and mindfulness-based therapies. Her skills span patient assessment, treatment planning, and the integration of digital health solutions to support mental well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the reviewer's privacy.