What is the role of maternal gene-environment interactions in autism risk?

PostedNovember 30, 2025

UpdatedNovember 30, 2025

ByMy Patient Advice

Author: Hannah Smith, MSc | Reviewed by: Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Recent research into maternal gene-environment interactions and autism is revealing how complex the roots of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be. Rather than one single cause, autism often arises from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. When a mother’s genes interact with exposures in the prenatal environment, this can influence how her baby’s brain develops.

Studies exploring maternal gene-environment interactions and autism suggest that certain genes can make the developing brain more sensitive to environmental triggers such as pollution, stress, or poor nutrition. These triggers may not cause autism alone, but in combination with specific genes, they can increase susceptibility during critical stages of development.

Researchers are especially interested in how the prenatal environment affects gene expression. For example, exposure to toxins might activate or suppress key genes involved in brain connectivity or immune function. This dynamic interaction between genes and surroundings is now recognised as a significant factor in maternal gene-environment interactions and autism, giving families and clinicians more insight into early susceptibility pathways.

Signs That May Appear in Early Development

Not all early behaviours signal autism, but here are a few that may warrant a closer look:

Lack of Response to Name or Familiar Voices

A child might not turn or look when called. Early hearing checks and social engagement therapies can help determine the cause and build connection.

Unusual Stillness or Passivity

Some babies seem overly calm or disconnected. Responsive caregiving and developmental assessments can support engagement and stimulation.

Strong Emotional Reactions to Minor Events

Meltdowns over small changes or surprises may occur. ABA and sensory-sensitive routines can help children learn to regulate emotions and transitions.

Visit providers like Autism Detect for personal consultations to understand how maternal health and sensory processing impact your child’s development and how to support effective sensory regulation and comfort.

For a deeper dive into the science, diagnosis, and full treatment landscape, read our complete guide to Maternal Health and Infections.

Hannah Smith, MSc

Author

Hannah Smith is a clinical psychologist with a Master’s in Clinical Psychology and over three years of experience in behaviour therapy, special education, and inclusive practices. She specialises in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), and inclusive education strategies. Hannah has worked extensively with children and adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), ADHD, Down syndrome, and intellectual disabilities, delivering evidence-based interventions to support development, mental health, and well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the author's privacy.

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Reviewer

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez is a UK-trained physician with an MBBS and experience in general surgery, cardiology, internal medicine, gynecology, intensive care, and emergency medicine. She has managed critically ill patients, stabilised acute trauma cases, and provided comprehensive inpatient and outpatient care. In psychiatry, Dr. Fernandez has worked with psychotic, mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, applying evidence-based approaches such as CBT, ACT, and mindfulness-based therapies. Her skills span patient assessment, treatment planning, and the integration of digital health solutions to support mental well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the reviewer's privacy.