Do low birth weight and birth complications impact synapse formation in the developing brain?

PostedDecember 1, 2025

UpdatedDecember 1, 2025

ByMy Patient Advice

Author: Lucia Alvarez, MSc | Reviewed by: Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

The early stages of brain development rely on the precise formation and elimination of neural connections, a process known as synaptogenesis. In infants experiencing low birth weight and birth complications, these mechanisms can be disrupted, potentially contributing to conditions like autism.

Disruptions to synaptogenesis in low birth weight scenarios are becoming increasingly studied, as both factors appear to influence how the brain builds its core architecture in the first months of life.

How Synaptogenesis May Be Altered by Birth Conditions

Below are some key biological mechanisms that may explain how synaptogenesis in low birth weight infants emerges:

Reduced synapse formation in early development

Infants born with low birth weight may have undernourished neural environments. This can impair synapse formation, slowing down how efficiently neurons connect and communicate. Such delays may influence sensory processing and social behaviour, both relevant to autism.

Impaired neuronal connectivity from stress

Birth complications often introduce oxygen deprivation or inflammatory stress, which can affect the growth and alignment of neuronal pathways. The result may be compromised neuronal connectivity, limiting the brain’s ability to process complex information during critical periods.

Abnormal pruning processes

During early development, the brain undergoes developmental pruning to remove unnecessary connections. Disruptions caused by low birth weight and complications may interfere with this process, leaving too many or too few connections intact, an imbalance frequently observed in autism.

The role of synaptogenesis in low birth weight infants in autism research continues to be explored, underscoring the importance of early intervention and monitoring. Visit Autism Detect for individualised consultations on neurodevelopmental risk and support planning.

For a deeper dive into the science, diagnosis, and full treatment landscape, read our complete guide to Birth Complications and Low Birth Weight.

Lucia Alvarez, MSc

Author

Lucia Alvarez is a clinical psychologist with a Master’s in Clinical Psychology and extensive experience providing evidence-based therapy and psychological assessment to children, adolescents, and adults. Skilled in CBT, DBT, and other therapeutic interventions, she has worked in hospital, community, and residential care settings. Her expertise includes grief counseling, anxiety management, and resilience-building, with a strong focus on creating safe, supportive environments to improve mental well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the author's privacy.

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Reviewer

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez is a UK-trained physician with an MBBS and experience in general surgery, cardiology, internal medicine, gynecology, intensive care, and emergency medicine. She has managed critically ill patients, stabilised acute trauma cases, and provided comprehensive inpatient and outpatient care. In psychiatry, Dr. Fernandez has worked with psychotic, mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, applying evidence-based approaches such as CBT, ACT, and mindfulness-based therapies. Her skills span patient assessment, treatment planning, and the integration of digital health solutions to support mental well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the reviewer's privacy.