Are epigenetic changes triggered by birth complications linked to autism in low birth weight babies?

PostedDecember 1, 2025

UpdatedDecember 1, 2025

ByMy Patient Advice

Author: Lucia Alvarez, MSc | Reviewed by: Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

The study of epigenetics is uncovering how early life experiences, including birth complications, can leave lasting marks on gene function. In low birth weight infants, such complications may activate epigenetic responses that alter how genes are expressed, potentially influencing autism risk.

Exploring the connection between epigenetics and birth complications offers insight into how the prenatal and perinatal environment can shape developmental outcomes.

How Epigenetic Changes Work After Birth Complications

When a baby faces stress during or around birth, especially if also born underweight, the body may respond through epigenetic mechanisms such as:

DNA methylation

This process can silence or activate genes without altering the DNA sequence. Birth complications can cause abnormal DNA methylation, affecting genes related to brain development and social functioning, key areas implicated in autism.

Gene expression changes

Disrupted oxygen supply, inflammation, or other stressors during complicated births can lead to gene expression changes, particularly in the developing brain. These changes may alter neural growth patterns or connectivity in ways associated with autism traits.

Developmental programming

The combination of low birth weight and birth complications may influence long-term developmental programming, setting up pathways that affect behaviour, cognition, and neurological outcomes.

Understanding the connection between epigenetics and birth complications helps explain why some infants may have a heightened risk of autism following challenging births, especially those involving low birth weight. Visit Autism Detect for tailored consultation and guidance on risk awareness and developmental support.

For a deeper dive into the science, diagnosis, and full treatment landscape, read our complete guide to Birth Complications and Low Birth Weight.

Lucia Alvarez, MSc

Author

Lucia Alvarez is a clinical psychologist with a Master’s in Clinical Psychology and extensive experience providing evidence-based therapy and psychological assessment to children, adolescents, and adults. Skilled in CBT, DBT, and other therapeutic interventions, she has worked in hospital, community, and residential care settings. Her expertise includes grief counseling, anxiety management, and resilience-building, with a strong focus on creating safe, supportive environments to improve mental well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the author's privacy.

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Reviewer

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez is a UK-trained physician with an MBBS and experience in general surgery, cardiology, internal medicine, gynecology, intensive care, and emergency medicine. She has managed critically ill patients, stabilised acute trauma cases, and provided comprehensive inpatient and outpatient care. In psychiatry, Dr. Fernandez has worked with psychotic, mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, applying evidence-based approaches such as CBT, ACT, and mindfulness-based therapies. Her skills span patient assessment, treatment planning, and the integration of digital health solutions to support mental well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the reviewer's privacy.