How can virtual reality be utilised to improve memory in ADHD?

PostedDecember 25, 2025

UpdatedJanuary 2, 2026

ByMy Patient Advice

Author: Harriet Winslow, BSc | Reviewed by: Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Virtual reality (VR) interventions are emerging as promising tools to improve attention, working memory and other executive functions in ADHD. Several randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and recent meta-analyses report medium to large improvements on cognitive measures in children, although most studies are small and short term, with limited evidence of real-world benefits or adult data. Current guidance from the NICE ADHD guideline (NG87) and the NHS places VR in the research and innovation category rather than as a recommended treatment. For now, VR should be viewed as an experimental, adjunctive approach within NICE-aligned multimodal care rather than a stand-alone therapy.

How VR may support memory and attention

VR creates immersive, interactive environments where attention, memory and planning skills can be practised in realistic yet controlled conditions. Simulated classroom or home settings allow individuals with ADHD to practise focusing, task sequencing and time management while exposed to realistic distractions. These environments can also provide immediate, adaptive feedback that helps reinforce learning and maintain engagement.

A 2025 review of VR-based exercise interventions found that immersive and semi-immersive systems can enhance inhibitory control, attention and working memory through combined physical and cognitive stimulation. Other studies report that VR-based “exergaming” encourages sustained effort and engagement by integrating physical activity with cognitive challenges, potentially benefiting both attention and executive function.

VR has also been used to train prospective memory, the ability to remember to perform actions at specific times by placing participants in time-sensitive virtual scenarios. These applications may help individuals practise checking the time, prioritising tasks and managing deadlines in a supportive and controlled setting.

Evidence from recent studies

A 2023–2024 meta-analysis of immersive VR interventions in children with ADHD found large pooled effects on attention, global cognition and memory compared with non-VR training or usual care. Most programmes lasted 10 to 20 sessions over several weeks and were well tolerated, though few studies tracked participants beyond a few months.

A 2025 RCT of home-based VR cognitive control training showed improvements in cognitive control and parent-rated ADHD symptoms compared with a non-VR programme, with gains maintained at three months. Similarly, a 2023 study of VR classroom training found improvements in processing speed and working memory, supporting the potential of immersive environments to target multiple executive-function domains.

Beyond therapy, VR tools such as the Aula and Nesplora Attention Kids tests are increasingly used to assess attention and distractibility. NICE’s DG60 diagnostic guidance recognises these as potential adjuncts to standard ADHD assessment, reflecting growing interest in VR’s diagnostic applications rather than its use as a treatment.

NICE, NHS and professional perspectives

NICE NG87 does not currently recommend VR for ADHD treatment but supports the use of practical aids, reminders and structured behavioural interventions to improve attention and organisation. The NHS and ORCHA app libraries focus on evidence-based digital tools for self-management, while VR remains part of innovation and research programmes. The Royal College of Psychiatrists also does not yet reference VR but encourages the use of environmental and technological aids that align with evidence-based practice.

Key takeaway

Virtual reality represents an exciting frontier for ADHD care, offering immersive ways to practise attention and working-memory skills in realistic settings. Evidence suggests short-term cognitive gains in children, particularly for attention and executive function, but research is still early, with limited long-term or adult data. While VR should not replace guideline-supported treatments, it can complement psychoeducation, behavioural interventions and structured routines. As technology advances, VR may become a valuable adjunct in ADHD care, helping individuals turn cognitive practice into meaningful, real-world improvement.

Harriet Winslow, BSc

Author

Harriet Winslow is a clinical psychologist with a Bachelor’s in Clinical Psychology and extensive experience in behaviour therapy and developmental disorders. She has worked with children and adolescents with ADHD, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), learning disabilities, and behavioural challenges, providing individual and group therapy using evidence-based approaches such as CBT and DBT. Dr. Winslow has developed and implemented personalised treatment plans, conducted formal and informal assessments, and delivered crisis intervention for clients in need of urgent mental health care. Her expertise spans assessment, treatment planning, and behavioural intervention for both neurodevelopmental and mental health conditions.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the author's privacy.

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Reviewer

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez is a UK-trained physician with an MBBS and experience in general surgery, cardiology, internal medicine, gynecology, intensive care, and emergency medicine. She has managed critically ill patients, stabilised acute trauma cases, and provided comprehensive inpatient and outpatient care. In psychiatry, Dr. Fernandez has worked with psychotic, mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, applying evidence-based approaches such as CBT, ACT, and mindfulness-based therapies. Her skills span patient assessment, treatment planning, and the integration of digital health solutions to support mental well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the reviewer's privacy.