Do babies with birth complications and low birth weight have a higher incidence of autism?

PostedNovember 28, 2025

UpdatedNovember 28, 2025

ByMy Patient Advice

Author: Lucia Alvarez, MSc | Reviewed by: Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Yes, studies show that the incidence of autism in low birth weight babies is notably higher, particularly when birth complications are also present. While genetics play a central role in autism, emerging epidemiology indicates that certain neonatal risk clusters may increase the likelihood of an autism diagnosis.

Low birth weight, defined as less than 2.5 kilograms (5.5 pounds), often results from premature delivery or restricted foetal growth. When combined with birth complications such as oxygen deprivation, emergency delivery, or infection, these conditions may affect early brain development.

Insights from Prevalence Studies and Risk Patterns

Below is a short overview of what current research reveals:

What prevalence studies show

Several prevalence studies confirm that babies with both low birth weight and birth complications are overrepresented in autism cohorts compared to the general population. These findings suggest that this group may be biologically more susceptible to neurodevelopmental disorders.

Clustering of neonatal risks

Medical data suggest that neonatal risk clusters, multiple co-occurring complications, may significantly impact brain plasticity during critical early life stages. This can lead to developmental changes linked with autism traits, particularly in sensory regulation, communication, and social interaction.

By recognising the connection between incidence of autism, low birth weight, and birth complications, healthcare systems can better prioritise early developmental screening for high-risk infants. Visit providers like Autism Detect for personalised consultations and further guidance on screening and support.

For a deeper dive into the science, diagnosis, and full treatment landscape, read our complete guide to Birth Complications and Low Birth Weight.

Lucia Alvarez, MSc

Author

Lucia Alvarez is a clinical psychologist with a Master’s in Clinical Psychology and extensive experience providing evidence-based therapy and psychological assessment to children, adolescents, and adults. Skilled in CBT, DBT, and other therapeutic interventions, she has worked in hospital, community, and residential care settings. Her expertise includes grief counseling, anxiety management, and resilience-building, with a strong focus on creating safe, supportive environments to improve mental well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the author's privacy.

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Reviewer

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez is a UK-trained physician with an MBBS and experience in general surgery, cardiology, internal medicine, gynecology, intensive care, and emergency medicine. She has managed critically ill patients, stabilised acute trauma cases, and provided comprehensive inpatient and outpatient care. In psychiatry, Dr. Fernandez has worked with psychotic, mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, applying evidence-based approaches such as CBT, ACT, and mindfulness-based therapies. Her skills span patient assessment, treatment planning, and the integration of digital health solutions to support mental well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the reviewer's privacy.