What is the latest research on maternal immune activation and autism? 

The connection between the immune system and brain development is at the heart of current maternal immune activation research and autism. Scientists are investigating how a mother’s immune response during pregnancy, especially to infections or inflammation, can alter the developing brain and potentially increase the likelihood of autism in offspring. 

In recent years, maternal immune activation research and autism studies have focused on the role of immune molecules such as cytokines. These small proteins, released during immune responses, can cross the placenta and influence how neural circuits form, especially during critical periods of foetal development. 

What Are MIA Models Teaching Us? 

To better understand how immune responses affect the brain, researchers use MIA models, experimental systems that simulate maternal infection in animals. These models have uncovered some key patterns: 

Elevated cytokines and altered brain development  

Studies using MIA models show that increased levels of cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-17, can disrupt typical brain growth, especially in regions related to social behaviour and sensory processing. These findings mirror some of the behavioural traits seen in autism, offering important clues about underlying biological pathways. 

Timing and severity matter  

Not all immune responses have the same effect. The stage of pregnancy and intensity of the immune activation appear to shape outcomes. This has opened doors for targeted prevention strategies, such as managing infections or inflammation during critical trimesters. 

Visit providers like Autism Detect for personal consultations to understand how maternal health and sensory processing impact your child’s development and how to support effective sensory regulation and comfort. 

For a deeper dive into the science, diagnosis, and full treatment landscape, read our complete guide to Maternal Health and Infections.

Hannah Smith, MSc

Author

Hannah Smith is a clinical psychologist with a Master’s in Clinical Psychology and over three years of experience in behaviour therapy, special education, and inclusive practices. She specialises in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), and inclusive education strategies. Hannah has worked extensively with children and adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), ADHD, Down syndrome, and intellectual disabilities, delivering evidence-based interventions to support development, mental health, and well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the author's privacy. 

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Reviewer

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez is a UK-trained physician with an MBBS and experience in general surgery, cardiology, internal medicine, gynecology, intensive care, and emergency medicine. She has managed critically ill patients, stabilised acute trauma cases, and provided comprehensive inpatient and outpatient care. In psychiatry, Dr. Fernandez has worked with psychotic, mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, applying evidence-based approaches such as CBT, ACT, and mindfulness-based therapies. Her skills span patient assessment, treatment planning, and the integration of digital health solutions to support mental well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the reviewer's privacy.