Why Do Metaphors Pose Challenges for Individuals with Autism? 

Metaphors in autism can be particularly challenging because they involve figurative language that goes beyond the literal meaning of words. Individuals with autism often have difficulties with cognitive processing, especially when it comes to interpreting abstract or non-literal concepts. Since metaphors require understanding relationships between unrelated ideas, they can confuse those who typically process language in a more concrete, literal way. 

For example, the metaphor “time is money” requires an understanding of the abstract concept that time, like money, can be spent, saved, or wasted. This type of abstract reasoning is often difficult for individuals with autism, who may focus on the concrete aspects of language. 

The Role of Figurative Language in Metaphor Comprehension for Individuals with Autism 

Metaphors rely heavily on figurative language, which can be difficult for individuals with autism to grasp. Here’s why: 

Literal Thinking  

Individuals with autism tend to focus on the exact words, often missing the underlying meaning in metaphors. For example, “a flood of emotions” might be interpreted literally, making it hard to understand the metaphorical connection to strong feelings. Speech therapy and social communication training can help individuals with autism develop the skills to understand figurative language and interpret metaphors in context. 

Difficulty with Abstract Concepts  

Metaphors often require the ability to think abstractly and make connections between unrelated ideas. This can be difficult for individuals who prefer clear, concrete facts. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and structured learning approaches can help individuals build the cognitive flexibility needed to understand and interpret metaphors and other figurative expressions. 

For more personalised support, consider visiting providers like Autism Detect for consultations on improving metaphor comprehension and figurative language in autism. 

For a deeper dive into the science, diagnosis, and full treatment landscape, read our complete guide to Literal Thinking and Difficulty with Abstract Concepts. 

Hannah Smith, MSc

Author

Hannah Smith is a clinical psychologist with a Master’s in Clinical Psychology and over three years of experience in behaviour therapy, special education, and inclusive practices. She specialises in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), and inclusive education strategies. Hannah has worked extensively with children and adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), ADHD, Down syndrome, and intellectual disabilities, delivering evidence-based interventions to support development, mental health, and well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the author's privacy. 

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Reviewer

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez is a UK-trained physician with an MBBS and experience in general surgery, cardiology, internal medicine, gynecology, intensive care, and emergency medicine. She has managed critically ill patients, stabilised acute trauma cases, and provided comprehensive inpatient and outpatient care. In psychiatry, Dr. Fernandez has worked with psychotic, mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, applying evidence-based approaches such as CBT, ACT, and mindfulness-based therapies. Her skills span patient assessment, treatment planning, and the integration of digital health solutions to support mental well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the reviewer's privacy.