What’s the Role of Dopamine and Norepinephrine in ADHD Hyperactivity? 

Hyperactivity, restlessness, constant movement, and difficulty sitting still are common symptoms for many individuals with ADHD. While it may appear behavioural on the surface, dopamine and norepinephrine imbalances deep within the brain’s circuitry are often driving this excessive motor activity. These two neurotransmitters regulate arousal, energy levels, and behavioural inhibition, all of which influence physical restlessness and overactivity. 

Dopamine and Motor Regulation 

Dopamine is closely linked to the brain’s motor systems, particularly in regions like the basal ganglia, which control movement coordination and behavioural filtering. In ADHD, low dopamine levels can reduce the brain’s ability to inhibit unnecessary movement. This makes it difficult for individuals to pause, sit still, or regulate physical impulses. In ADHD, hyperactivity is not about bad behaviour; it reflects a neurochemical difficulty with impulse control and motor regulation. 

Norepinephrine and Arousal 

Norepinephrine helps modulate arousal and alertness. When levels are too low, the brain may attempt to self-stimulate through increased activity. In children and adults with ADHD, this can present as constant fidgeting, talking, or an inability to stay seated. Essentially, hyperactivity becomes the body’s way of compensating for an underactive arousal system. 

The combined effect of dopamine and norepinephrine dysregulation leads to an overactive behavioural state of what we recognise as hyperactivity in ADHD. 

Visit providers like ADHD Certify for personal consultations to explore how restoring balance in dopamine and norepinephrine can help manage hyperactivity in ADHD.

For a deeper dive into the science, diagnosis, and full treatment landscape, read our complete guide to Dopamine and norepinephrine systems.

Victoria Rowe, MSc

Author

Victoria Rowe is a health psychologist with a Master’s in Health Psychology and a BS in Applied Psychology. She has experience as a school psychologist, conducting behavioural assessments, developing individualized education plans (IEPs), and supporting children’s mental health. Dr. Rowe has contributed to peer-reviewed research on mental health, including studies on anxiety disorders and the impact of COVID-19 on healthcare systems. Skilled in SPSS, Minitab, and academic writing, she is committed to advancing psychological knowledge and promoting well-being through evidence-based practice.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the author's privacy. 

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Reviewer

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez is a UK-trained physician with an MBBS and experience in general surgery, cardiology, internal medicine, gynecology, intensive care, and emergency medicine. She has managed critically ill patients, stabilised acute trauma cases, and provided comprehensive inpatient and outpatient care. In psychiatry, Dr. Fernandez has worked with psychotic, mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, applying evidence-based approaches such as CBT, ACT, and mindfulness-based therapies. Her skills span patient assessment, treatment planning, and the integration of digital health solutions to support mental well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the reviewer's privacy.