What Genes Increase the Risk of Developing ADHD?

PostedOctober 7, 2025

UpdatedOctober 10, 2025

ByMy Patient Advice

Author: Victoria Rowe, MSc | Reviewed by: Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

ADHD is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, and research suggests that specific risk genes play a significant role in its development. Studies have identified several candidate genes that are linked to the dysregulation of dopamine and norepinephrine systems, two neurotransmitters crucial for attention, impulse control, and emotional regulation. These genes contribute to the genetic predisposition for ADHD, though environmental factors also influence its onset and severity.

DRD4 and ADHD Risk

One of the most studied ADHD risk genes is the DRD4 gene, which codes for the dopamine receptor D4. Variations in this gene have been associated with increased susceptibility to ADHD. The 7-repeat allele of DRD4 is particularly implicated in the condition, with research suggesting it may influence the brain’s reward system, making individuals more prone to impulsivity and inattention. This gene has been a key focus in understanding the role of dopamine in ADHD.

DAT1 and ADHD Risk

The DAT1 gene, which encodes the dopamine transporter, is another candidate gene linked to ADHD. It regulates the reuptake of dopamine in the brain, and variations in this gene can lead to dopamine dysregulation, a core feature of ADHD. Studies have found associations between certain variants of DAT1 and an increased risk of developing ADHD, especially in cases characterized by inattention and impulsivity.

COMT and ADHD Risk

The COMT gene, which is involved in the breakdown of dopamine, is also considered a key player in ADHD genetics. Variations in this gene affect the dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex, which regulates executive functions like attention and decision-making. Some studies suggest that specific COMT variants may increase the likelihood of developing ADHD, particularly in individuals with poor working memory and attention control.

Conclusion

While genetic risk for ADHD is substantial, no single gene determines the disorder’s development. Instead, a combination of genes like DRD4, DAT1, and COMT, alongside environmental factors, contributes to the condition’s onset. Understanding these ADHD risk genes helps us better understand the neurobiology of ADHD and may guide future treatments.

Visit providers like ADHD Certify for personal consultations to explore ADHD risk genes and their role in the development of the disorder.

For a deeper dive into the science, diagnosis, and full treatment landscape, read our complete guide to Genetic studies and biomarkers.

Victoria Rowe, MSc

Author

Victoria Rowe is a health psychologist with a Master’s in Health Psychology and a BS in Applied Psychology. She has experience as a school psychologist, conducting behavioural assessments, developing individualized education plans (IEPs), and supporting children’s mental health. Dr. Rowe has contributed to peer-reviewed research on mental health, including studies on anxiety disorders and the impact of COVID-19 on healthcare systems. Skilled in SPSS, Minitab, and academic writing, she is committed to advancing psychological knowledge and promoting well-being through evidence-based practice.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the author's privacy.

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Reviewer

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez is a UK-trained physician with an MBBS and experience in general surgery, cardiology, internal medicine, gynecology, intensive care, and emergency medicine. She has managed critically ill patients, stabilised acute trauma cases, and provided comprehensive inpatient and outpatient care. In psychiatry, Dr. Fernandez has worked with psychotic, mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, applying evidence-based approaches such as CBT, ACT, and mindfulness-based therapies. Her skills span patient assessment, treatment planning, and the integration of digital health solutions to support mental well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the reviewer's privacy.