Which Genes Are Most Commonly Associated with ADHD?

PostedOctober 7, 2025

UpdatedOctober 10, 2025

ByMy Patient Advice

Author: Victoria Rowe, MSc | Reviewed by: Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Research into the genetics of ADHD has revealed that the condition is highly heritable, with estimates suggesting that up to 80% of ADHD risk can be attributed to genetic factors. Rather than one “ADHD gene,” the disorder is influenced by multiple genetic variants, many of which affect neurotransmitter pathways related to dopamine and norepinephrine.

Key Candidate Genes in ADHD

Among the most well-studied candidate genes are:

DAT1 (SLC6A3)

This gene encodes the dopamine transporter, which regulates dopamine reuptake in the brain. Variants in DAT1 have been linked to hyperactivity and impulsivity traits.

DRD4

A gene for the dopamine D4 receptor, DRD4 is associated with novelty seeking and attention regulation. The 7-repeat allele variant has been especially connected to ADHD symptoms.

DRD5

Another dopamine receptor gene is often cited in ADHD studies.

COMT

Involved in the breakdown of dopamine, COMT variations can affect executive functioning and emotional regulation.

SNAP25

This gene plays a role in synaptic function and neurotransmitter release, with some variants linked to attentional control.

These genes do not act in isolation; their influence is polygenic, meaning small effects from many genes combine to increase ADHD risk.

Conclusion

The most associated ADHD genes include those involved in dopamine regulation, such as DAT1, DRD4, and COMT. Understanding these genetic variants helps researchers unpack the disorder’s complex heritability and may lead to more targeted interventions in the future.

Visit providers like ADHD Certify for personal consultations on how your genetic profile may inform ADHD care.

For a deeper dive into the science, diagnosis, and full treatment landscape, read our complete guide to Genetic studies and biomarkers.

Victoria Rowe, MSc

Author

Victoria Rowe is a health psychologist with a Master’s in Health Psychology and a BS in Applied Psychology. She has experience as a school psychologist, conducting behavioural assessments, developing individualized education plans (IEPs), and supporting children’s mental health. Dr. Rowe has contributed to peer-reviewed research on mental health, including studies on anxiety disorders and the impact of COVID-19 on healthcare systems. Skilled in SPSS, Minitab, and academic writing, she is committed to advancing psychological knowledge and promoting well-being through evidence-based practice.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the author's privacy.

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Reviewer

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez is a UK-trained physician with an MBBS and experience in general surgery, cardiology, internal medicine, gynecology, intensive care, and emergency medicine. She has managed critically ill patients, stabilised acute trauma cases, and provided comprehensive inpatient and outpatient care. In psychiatry, Dr. Fernandez has worked with psychotic, mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, applying evidence-based approaches such as CBT, ACT, and mindfulness-based therapies. Her skills span patient assessment, treatment planning, and the integration of digital health solutions to support mental well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the reviewer's privacy.