Can transcriptomic profiles help classify ADHD subtypes?

PostedOctober 8, 2025

UpdatedOctober 10, 2025

ByMy Patient Advice

Author: Victoria Rowe, MSc | Reviewed by: Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Yes, emerging research suggests that ADHD transcriptomic profiles could one day help identify distinct ADHD subtypes, leading to more targeted diagnosis and treatment. Traditional classifications (like inattentive vs hyperactive-impulsive) rely on observable behaviour. But transcriptomics, the study of gene activity through RNA, offers a biological lens to explore what is happening beneath the surface.

How transcriptomic profiling works

Using tools like RNA sequencing, scientists can analyse which genes are “switched on” or “off” in people with ADHD. These expression patterns drawn from blood samples, saliva, or even brain tissue reveal real-time gene activity linked to brain development, neurotransmitter systems, and immune response.

What this means for ADHD subtypes

Biological fingerprints of symptoms

Individuals with primarily inattentive symptoms may show different RNA expression patterns than those with hyperactive-impulsive traits. For example, one subtype might show increased expression in dopamine-regulating genes, while another shows dysregulation in stress-response pathways.

Moving toward precision medicine

Rather than treating ADHD as a single disorder, transcriptomic data could allow clinicians to stratify patients into biologically meaningful subtypes, leading to more personalised and effective interventions.

Beyond behaviour

Transcriptomic signatures could help clarify ADHD presentations that do not neatly fit DSM categories, including co-occurring conditions like anxiety or learning difficulties.

The future of classification

While this research is still in the early stages, the potential is clear: RNA-based profiles could complement behavioural assessments, refine diagnoses, and even predict treatment response.

Visit providers like ADHD Certify for personal consultations that consider molecular and behavioural dimensions.

For a deeper dive into the science, diagnosis, and full treatment landscape, read our complete guide to Genetic studies and biomarkers.

Victoria Rowe, MSc

Author

Victoria Rowe is a health psychologist with a Master’s in Health Psychology and a BS in Applied Psychology. She has experience as a school psychologist, conducting behavioural assessments, developing individualized education plans (IEPs), and supporting children’s mental health. Dr. Rowe has contributed to peer-reviewed research on mental health, including studies on anxiety disorders and the impact of COVID-19 on healthcare systems. Skilled in SPSS, Minitab, and academic writing, she is committed to advancing psychological knowledge and promoting well-being through evidence-based practice.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the author's privacy.

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Reviewer

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez is a UK-trained physician with an MBBS and experience in general surgery, cardiology, internal medicine, gynecology, intensive care, and emergency medicine. She has managed critically ill patients, stabilised acute trauma cases, and provided comprehensive inpatient and outpatient care. In psychiatry, Dr. Fernandez has worked with psychotic, mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, applying evidence-based approaches such as CBT, ACT, and mindfulness-based therapies. Her skills span patient assessment, treatment planning, and the integration of digital health solutions to support mental well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the reviewer's privacy.