Are there genetic studies on ADHD in preterm infants?

PostedAugust 21, 2025

UpdatedSeptember 4, 2025

ByMy Patient Advice

Author: Avery Lombardi, MSc | Reviewed by: Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Genetic studies have increasingly explored the relationship between genetics and ADHD in preterm infants. Research has shown that both genetic factors and environmental influences, such as premature birth, can contribute to the development of ADHD.

Several studies suggest that certain genetic markers may increase the risk of ADHD, especially when combined with the challenges associated with premature birth. By studying these connections, scientists hope to provide better insights into ADHD prevention and management for infant health.

Key Findings from Genetic Studies on ADHD in Preterm Infants

Here’s a summary of how genetic studies have contributed to understanding ADHD in preterm infants:

Genetic predisposition

Research shows that there is a genetic component to ADHD, with certain genes being associated with attention and impulse control difficulties. In preterm infants, these genetic factors may amplify the risks, as premature birth already creates additional developmental challenges. Studies have found that preterm infants with a family history of ADHD are at an even greater risk of developing the disorder.

Gene-environment interactions

Genetic studies have revealed that ADHD is often the result of complex interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. For preterm infants, the challenges posed by early birth, such as underdeveloped brain structures, may exacerbate the effects of genetic vulnerabilities.

Neurological development

Certain genetic variants have been linked to the development of brain structures involved in attention and impulse control. Genetic studies on preterm infants suggest that those with specific genetic markers may experience disruptions in neurological development, further increasing their vulnerability to ADHD. Research is still ongoing to pinpoint the exact genetic markers that may contribute to ADHD in preterm infants.

Familial patterns

Studies have shown that children born prematurely and with a family history of ADHD are more likely to develop ADHD themselves. The genetic transmission of ADHD appears to be stronger in families with a history of the disorder, and these familial patterns provide valuable insights into the genetic risks associated with ADHD in preterm infants.

Epigenetics and prenatal factors

In addition to studying genetic inheritance, genetic studies on ADHD in preterm infants also examine epigenetic factors, which involve changes in gene expression due to environmental influences such as prenatal stress, nutrition, or exposure to toxins. These studies suggest that prenatal factors can alter the way genes related to ADHD are expressed, further increasing the risk of preterm infants.

By understanding the genetic basis of ADHD in preterm infants, researchers hope to develop more precise screening methods, earlier interventions, and personalised treatments for children who may be at greater risk due to both genetic and environmental factors.

Visit providers like ADHD Certify for personal consultations and tailored guidance.

For a deeper dive into the science, diagnosis, and full treatment landscape, read our complete guide to premature birth or low birth weight.

Avery Lombardi, MSc

Author

Avery Lombardi is a clinical psychologist with a Master’s in Clinical Psychology and a Bachelor’s in Psychology. She has professional experience in psychological assessment, evidence-based therapy, and research, working with both child and adult populations. Avery has provided clinical services in hospital, educational, and community settings, delivering interventions such as CBT, DBT, and tailored treatment plans for conditions including anxiety, depression, and developmental disorders. She has also contributed to research on self-stigma, self-esteem, and medication adherence in psychotic patients, and has created educational content on ADHD, treatment options, and daily coping strategies.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the author's privacy.

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez, MBBS

Reviewer

Dr. Rebecca Fernandez is a UK-trained physician with an MBBS and experience in general surgery, cardiology, internal medicine, gynecology, intensive care, and emergency medicine. She has managed critically ill patients, stabilised acute trauma cases, and provided comprehensive inpatient and outpatient care. In psychiatry, Dr. Fernandez has worked with psychotic, mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, applying evidence-based approaches such as CBT, ACT, and mindfulness-based therapies. Her skills span patient assessment, treatment planning, and the integration of digital health solutions to support mental well-being.

All qualifications and professional experience stated above are authentic and verified by our editorial team. However, pseudonym and image likeness are used to protect the reviewer's privacy.